Between 1918 and 1921, Poland was in a state of declared or undeclared war on literally all frontiers except the Romanian. But these—the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-19, the Polish-Czech clash of arms in 1919, the Polish-Lithuanian conflict over the Vilnius region in 1919-20, the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, the Polish-German quarrels over Greater Poland and Upper Silesia in 1918-21, and the massive wave of violence perpetrated by soldiers and paramilitaries alike against civilians on territory under Polish control—have almost completely vanished from our memory and do not haunt our imagination.

—Jochen Böhler, Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 65.

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